Is E-Cigarette Use Associated with Endothelial Dysfunction in Young Adults?

For many young people, cardiovascular disease can feel like a problem decades away. However, cardiovascular disease does not suddenly begin when someone experiences a heart attack. Changes in blood vessels can occur much earlier, and researchers study these early changes through measures such as endothelial function.
The endothelium is the thin layer of cells lining blood vessels. It helps regulate how blood vessels widen and narrow, making endothelial function an important indicator of vascular health. One common measurement is flow-mediated dilation (FMD), which evaluates how well an artery expands when blood flow returns after temporary restriction. Researchers also use measures such as the reactive hyperemia index (RHI) and arterial stiffness.
This raises an important question: Is e-cigarette use associated with impaired endothelial function before cardiovascular disease becomes clinically apparent?
The current evidence is concerning but not definitive.
A 2020 study comparing healthy young people who exclusively vaped, smoked conventional cigarettes, or did neither found evidence of impaired endothelial function among chronic e-cigarette users compared with nonsmokers. Other studies have also identified short-term changes in vascular function following e-cigarette exposure (Haptonstall et al., 2020).
However, not every study has found significant differences. The VAPORS-Endothelial function study examined 46 healthy adults ages 18–34 and found that e-cigarette users had slightly lower FMD than non-users, but the difference was not statistically significant after adjustment. Researchers also found no significant differences in RHI or several inflammatory markers (Boakye et al., 2023). Because the study was small and cross-sectional, it could not establish whether vaping causes long-term vascular changes.
A 2024 systematic review and meta-analysis reached a similarly cautious conclusion. Among four studies involving 769 participants, exclusive e-cigarette users had a 1.47 percentage-point lower FMD than non-users, but the confidence interval crossed zero, meaning the overall difference was not statistically significant. The researchers noted that the limited number of available studies made it difficult to establish a definitive association (Lee et al., 2024).
Part of the difficulty is that “vaping” is not one consistent exposure. Products differ in nicotine concentration, device characteristics, frequency of use, and duration of exposure. Previous or concurrent cigarette smoking can also complicate research findings.
Nicotine may contribute to cardiovascular effects. A recent review of nicotine-containing e-cigarettes in young adults found associations between acute use and increases in blood pressure and heart rate, along with evidence of reduced endothelial-dependent vasodilation in some studies. However, findings varied across individual studies.
Overall, current research does not establish that every young adult who vapes will develop endothelial dysfunction. At the same time, the evidence does not support considering vaping cardiovascularly harmless. Research has identified potentially concerning vascular changes, while other studies have found no statistically significant differences.
The major gap is the lack of large, long-term studies of young people who exclusively vape. Future research should examine whether early vascular changes persist or worsen with continued exposure and whether they eventually translate into measurable cardiovascular disease.
References
Boakye, E., et al. (2023). Examining the association of habitual e-cigarette use with inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in young adults: The VAPORS-Endothelial function study. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 21, 85.
Haptonstall, K. M., et al. (2020). Differential effects of tobacco cigarettes and electronic cigarettes on endothelial function in healthy young people. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 319(5), H963–H971.
Lee, J., Yao, Z., Boakye, E., & Blaha, M. J. (2024). The impact of chronic electronic cigarette use on endothelial dysfunction measured by flow-mediated vasodilation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 22, 10.18332/tid/186932.
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