The Hidden Health Effects of Social Isolation

Human beings depend on social relationships. Friendships, family, classmates, coworkers, and community connections can contribute to a sense of belonging, but social connection is also increasingly being examined as a factor in physical health.
Two terms are particularly important: social isolation, which generally refers to limited social contact or relationships, and loneliness, which describes the subjective feeling that one's relationships do not meet their desired level of connection. A person can experience one without the other.
More Than an Emotional Experience
Research suggests that social isolation is associated with a range of health outcomes. A 2024 systematic review of 24 studies found associations between social isolation and inflammatory biomarkers, mortality, frailty, cognitive decline, disrupted sleep, reduced physical activity, poorer health behaviors, and lower quality of life (Sherman et al., 2024). However, because much of this research is observational, these findings demonstrate associations rather than proving that isolation directly causes each outcome.
Cardiovascular health is another important area of research. The American Heart Association found the strongest evidence for associations between social isolation and coronary heart disease and stroke mortality (Cené et al., 2022). Among people who already have cardiovascular disease, a systematic review of 35 studies also found that living alone and social isolation were associated with increased mortality risk (Long et al., 2023).
The relationship extends beyond cardiovascular health. A 2023 analysis of 90 prospective cohort studies involving more than 2.2 million people found that both social isolation and loneliness were associated with higher all-cause mortality, while social isolation was also associated with cardiovascular mortality (Wang et al., 2023).
Why Health Equity Matters
Social isolation is not experienced equally. Financial hardship, disability, chronic illness, bereavement, discrimination, and moving to a new community can affect a person's opportunities to maintain meaningful relationships. This makes social connection relevant to health equity because public health must consider whether people have realistic opportunities to participate in community life.
There is no single solution. Community organizations, schools, healthcare systems, workplaces, and local governments can create opportunities for people to participate and build relationships. Research on interventions is still developing, and evidence about which approaches work best varies across populations and intervention types (Masi et al., 2024).
Ultimately, a healthy community is not only one with healthcare services. It is also one where people have opportunities to participate, find support, and build meaningful connections. Social isolation can be difficult to see from the outside, making awareness of the difference between physical proximity and genuine connection an important part of public health.
References
Cené, C. W., et al. (2022). Effects of objective and perceived social isolation on cardiovascular and brain health: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Journal of the American Heart Association, 11(16), e026493.
Long, R. M., et al. (2023). Loneliness, social isolation, and living alone associations with mortality risk in individuals living with cardiovascular disease: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Psychosomatic Medicine, 85(1), 8–17.
Masi, C. M., et al. (2024). Tackling social disconnection: An umbrella review of RCT-based interventions targeting social isolation and loneliness. BMC Public Health.
Sherman, D. W., et al. (2024). A systematic review of the relationship between social isolation and physical health in adults. Healthcare, 12(11), 1135.
Wang, F., et al. (2023). A systematic review and meta-analysis of 90 cohort studies of social isolation, loneliness and mortality. Nature Human Behaviour, 7(8), 1307–1319.
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